The Combination of Vivianite Powder and Compost Derived Poultry Litter: Appropriate Biological Fertilizer to Improve Nutritional Values of Carrot (Daucus Carota L.)

Aims: To improve the nutritional values of carrot in the Great North Cameroon by using natural fertilizing. Study Design: A 11x2x2 factorial design with 11 origins of carrot roots (fertilizing) (T0, T+, P10, P15, Py10, Py15, F1, F1+P10, F1+P15, F1+Py10 and F1+Py15), 02 harvest areas (Maroua and Ngaoundere (Cameroon)) and 02 harvest years (2019 and 2020). Place and Duration of Study: Laboratory of Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, University of Ngaoundere Cameroon, September 2019 and September 2020. Methodology: Nutrient parameters of carrot roots (moisture, vitamin C, carotenoids, fiber, carbohydrates and ash of carrot roots contents) were assessed according to standard methods. Results: Globally, carrot nutritional values varied significantly (p<0.05) depending on fertilizer, harvest area (Ngaoundere and Maroua Cameroon), and harvest year (2019 and 2020). The carrot nutrient contents from Maroua Cameroon were higher than those from Ngaoundere. The highest carrot nutrients content was from F1+P10 plots (combination of 1 Kg of poultry litter with 10 g of vivianite powder). In Maroua, roots from treated carrot plants with F1+P10 fertilizer are 1.55 and 1.24 fold richer in carotenoids than those from T0 and T+ plants respectively in 2019 ; in growing year 2020, the carotenoid contents of F1+P10 roots were 1.52 fold and 1.29 fold higher than those of T0 and T+ plants. In Ngaoundere, Vitamin C content of carrots from F1+P10 fertilizer is 1.79 fold higher than that of T0 plants and 1.18 fold higher than that of T+ plants in 2019, while in 2020 the value of this parameter was 1.69 fold and 1.47 fold higher than that of T0 and T+ plants respectively. The F1+P10 fertilizer encreased total carbohydrate content at 51.88 % compared to T0 and 20.03 % compared to T+ in Maroua, and at 27.59 % and 7.95 % compared to T0 and T+ respectively in Ngaoundere. Conclusion: By used F1+P10 natural fertilizer for carrot growing, we contribute to improve the nutritional values of this vegetable crop, but also to valorize our local resources in biological agriculture, as well as to protect the environment.

Desarrollo de una carne de hamburguesa de pechuga de pollo con adición de fibra y reducción de grasa / The Development of Hamburger Meat Made with Chicken Breast, Added Fiber and Reduced Fat

Resumen Antecedentes: la asociación del alto consumo de carnes rojas procesadas con el cáncer colorrectal hace que los consumidores empiecen a demandar productos cárnicos con un perfil nutricional mejorado. Objetivo: diseñar una carne de hamburguesa comercializable, a base de pechuga de pollo, fuente de fibra y baja en grasa con buena aceptación por los consumidores. Materiales y métodos: con base en una formulación estándar de hamburguesa, se hicieron tres formulaciones con adición de fibra como reemplazante de grasa: F1 contenía fibra de cidra (Sechium edule); F2, de zanahoria (Daucus carota); y F3, de inulina. Se calculó la composición nutricional teórica y se realizó una prueba de aceptación por consumidores con una escala de nueve puntos. Resultados: la formulación más aceptada y con mayor contenido de fibra fue la que contenía inulina, con un puntaje de 7,7±1,4 y diferencias significativas, según la prueba T3 de Dunett, con las formulaciones F2 (p=0,001) y F1 (p=0,000), cuyos promedios de aceptación fueron similares: 6,0±2,5 puntos para F2 y 5,9±2,2 para F1 (p=0,931). Las formulaciones con fibra contenían menos grasa y calorías que la formulación control. Conclusión: es posible lograr derivados cárnicos con reducción del contenido de grasa y aporte de fibra sensorialmente aceptados.

Abstract Background: The association between increased consumption of processed red meat and colorectal cancer has driven the demand for meat products with improved nutritional profiles. Objective: To design commercialized hamburger meat that contains chicken breast as the base, fiber, reduced fat, and is accepted by consumers. Materials and Methods: Three formulations were created with a standard hamburger base and additional fiber as a fat replacement: F1 contained fiber from citron (Sechium edule); F2, from carrots (Daucus carota); and F3 from inulin. The theoretical nutritional composition was calculated and a consumer acceptance test was performed on a scale of nine points. Results: The most accepted formulation by consumers with the highest fiber content was the hamburger containing inulin, rated at 7.7±1.4 points. According to the Dunett T3 test, significant differences were reached by F1 (p=0.000) and F2 (p=0.001). They also had similar acceptance averages: F1 (5.9±2.2 points; p=0,000) and F2 (6.0±2.5 points; p=0.001) (p=0.931). The formulations containing added fiber were lowest in fat and calories when compared to the control formulation. Conclusion: It is possible to achieve meat derivatives with reduced fat and added fiber that are sensorily accepted by consumers.

Yield and phosphorus use efficiency of carrot cultivars

Phosphate fertilization is indispensable for carrot cultivation, as it contributes to plant development, formation of marketable roots and higher yields. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the production and nutritional efficiency of carrot cultivars under phosphate fertilization. The experiments were carried out from July to November 2016 and from June to October 2017, at the Rafael Fernandes experimental farm, District of Alagoinha, Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a 4×4 factorial scheme with 4 replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of carrot cultivars (Brasília, Planalto, Suprema and Nativa) with phosphorus (P) doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg ha-1 P2O5). The characteristics analyzed were: P content in the diagnostic leaf, plant dry matter, plant height, marketable and total yields, and the classification of cultivars for efficiency and response to phosphate fertilization. The increments promoted by phosphate fertilization were 64% in plant height, 444% in dry matter and 284% in marketable yield. The maximum marketable yield was obtained with doses from 186.8 to 243.5 kg ha-1, depending on the cultivar. The Native cultivar was classified as more efficient in the use of P.

Distribution of Meloidogyne species in carrot in Brazil / Distribuição de espécies de Meloidogyne em cenoura no Brasil

ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most serious threats to carrot production worldwide. In Brazil, carrots are grown throughout the year, and economic losses due to RKN are reported. Since little is known on the distribution of RKN species in carrot fields in Brazil, we collected plant and soil samples from 35 fields across six states. Based on the morphology of perineal patterns, esterase phenotypes and species-specific PCR, three Meloidogyne species were identified: 60% of the fields were infested with Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica was reported in 42.9% of the areas, whereas M. hapla was detected in 17.1% of carrot fields. Mixed populations were reported in 20% of the areas with a predominance of M. incognita + M. javanica. The combination of morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques is a useful approach to identify RKN species.

RESUMO: Os nematoides-das-galhas (RKN - Meloidogyne spp.) são uma das mais sérias ameaças à produção de cenoura no mundo. No Brasil, as cenouras são cultivadas ao longo do ano, e as perdas econômicas devido à RKN são frequentemente relatadas. Como pouco se sabe sobre a distribuição de espécies RKN em campos de cenoura no Brasil, coletamos amostras de plantas e solo de 35 campos em seis estados. Baseado na morfologia do padrão perineal, fenótipos de esterase e/ou PCR espécie-específica, três espécies de Meloidogyne foram identificadas: 60% dos campos estavam infestados por Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica foi encontrada em 42,9% das áreas, enquanto M. hapla foi detectada em 17,1% dos campos de cenoura. Populações mistas foram encontradas em 20% das áreas, com predominância de M. incognita + M. javanica. A combinação de técnicas morfológicas, bioquímicas e moleculares é uma abordagem útil para identificar espécies de RKN.

Sustainability of carrot-cowpea intercropping systems through optimization of green manuring and spatial arrangements / Sustentabilidade de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e feijão-caupi por meio da otimização da adubação verde e arranjos espaciais

ABSTRACT: One of the biggest challenges in intercropping of two or more crops is to maintain their productivity as that of their sole counterparts. In order to obtain sustainable intercropping systems in a semi-arid environment, this study evaluated the agro-economic advantage and sustainability of intercropped systems of carrot and cowpea, optimizing the green manuring and spatial arrangements. Experiments were conducted in the period from July to October 2017 and 2018, using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Treatments included four amounts of M. aegyptia incorporated into the soil (20, 35, 50, and 65 t ha-1 on dry basis) with three spatial arrangements (2:2, 3:3, and 4:4) between the components cultures formed from cowpea rows alternated with carrot rows. The agro-economic advantage indices evaluated in the intercropping systems were: land equivalent ratio (LER), area-time equivalent ratio (ATER), score of the canonical variable (Z), actual yield loss (AYL), intercropping advantage (IA), gross income (GI), net income (NI), rate of return (RR), and profit margin (PM). The highest agro-economic advantages of the carrot and cowpea intercropping were obtained for LER, ATER, NI, and RR of 2.60, 4.16, US$ 8,720.99 ha-1, and US$ 2.21, respectively, for M. aegyptia biomass amounts of 46.42, 47.82, 32.60 and 31.51t ha-1 added to the soil. The 2: 2 spatial arrangement was the one with the best productive performance, with higher net income and rate of return in the intercropping of carrot-cowpea.

RESUMO: Um dos maiores desafios no consórcio de duas ou mais culturas é manter sua produtividade como a de suas únicas contrapartes. Com o objetivo de obter sistemas de consórcio sustentáveis ​​em ambiente semiárido, este estudo avaliou vantagem agroeconômica e a sustentabilidade de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e feijão-caupi, otimizando a adubação verde e os arranjos espaciais. Experimentos foram conduzidos no período de julho a outubro de 2017 e 2018, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos incluíram quatro quantidades de M. aegyptia incorporadas ao solo (20, 35, 50 e 65 t ha-1 em base seca) com três arranjos espaciais (2: 2, 3: 3 e 4: 4) entre as culturas componentes formadas a partir de fileiras de feijão-caupi alternadas com fileiras de cenoura. Os índices de vantagem agroeconômica avaliados nos sistemas de consorciação foram: índice de uso eficiente da terra (UET), razão de área equivalente no tempo (RAET), escore da variável canônica (Z), perda de rendimento real (PRR), vantagem do consórcio (VC), renda bruta (RB), renda líquida (RL), taxa de retorno (TR) e margem de lucro (ML). As maiores vantagens agroeconômicas do consórcio de cenoura e feijão-caupi foram obtidas para UET, RAET, RL e TR de 2,60, 4,16, US$ 8.720,99 ha-1 e US$ 2,21, respectivamente, para as quantidades de biomassa de M. aegyptia de 46,42, 47,82, 32,60 e 31,51 t ha-1, adicionadas ao solo. O arranjo espacial 2: 2 foi o de melhor desempenho produtivo, com maior receita líquida e taxa de retorno no consórcio entre feijão-caupi e cenoura.

Genetic parameters estimate for plant characters of a particular carrot population in two different agroecologic cultivation systems / Parâmetros genéticos estimados para caracteres de planta de uma população particular de cenoura em dois sistemas de cultivo agroecológico diferentes

Carrots are among the most planted vegetables in Brazil, which represents importance in the national market. This crop can be grown in conventional and agroecological systems, and studies to improve productivity, disease resistance and root quality in agroecological cropping systems are important. The aim of the present work was to estimate genetic parameters that provide a breeding strategy in the search for the development of new varieties of carrot adapted to the conditions of Distrito Federal's agroecology cultivation. Considering data from tests performed in areas of agroecology cultivation (Natural Agriculture-NA and Organic Agriculture-OA), the following characteristics were evaluated: incidence of leaf blight-LB, incidence of root cracking-CRACK, root length-COMP, format of root tip-TP, format of root shoulder-TO, measure of the color of the a* xylem parameter-a*X, measure of the color of the a* phloem parameter-a*F. Traits were evaluated in 100 half-sib progenies derived from Brasília cultivar, using a completely randomized block design. For the characters COMP, a*X, a*F, TP and TO, the treatment X environment interaction was significant according to the results from test F. The values of the individual variance analyses presented significant effect for the following characteristics: COMP, a*X, TP, TO, LB for NA system, and COMP, a*X, a*F, TP for OA system. In NA system, the values of heritability estimates-ha² for the plant characters fluctuated from 65.66 to 25.52% and, in the OA system, the ha² of the characters a*X, was 81.13%. Estimates of genetic gain per cycle for the characters a*X and a*F were lower in NA system than the estimates observed in OA system.

A cenoura está entre as hortaliças mais plantadas no Brasil, o que representa importância no mercado nacional. Essa cultura pode ser cultivada em sistemas convencionais e agroecológicos, sendo importante o desenvolvimento de estudos para melhorar características de produtividade, resistência a doenças e qualidade de raiz em sistemas com base agroecológica de cultivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar parâmetros genéticos que fornecem uma estratégia de melhoramento na busca pelo desenvolvimento de novas variedades de cenoura adaptadas às condições do cultivo agroecológico do Distrito Federal. Considerando dados de testes realizados em áreas de cultivo agroecológico (Agricultura Natural - NA e Agricultura Orgânica - OA), foram avaliadas as seguintes características: incidência de queima das folhas - LB, incidência de rachadura radicular - RACH, comprimento de raiz - COMP, formato de raiz -TP, formato do ombro -TO, medida da cor do parâmetro a * do xilema ­ a*X, medida da cor do parâmetro a *do floema ­ a*F. As características foram avaliadas em 100 progênies de meios-irmãos derivadas da cultivar Brasília, usando um delineamento de blocos inteiramente casualizados. Para os caracteres COMP, a*X, a*F, TP e TO, a interação tratamento X ambiente foi significativa de acordo com os resultados do teste F. Os valores das análises de variância individuais apresentaram efeito significativo para as seguintes características: COMP, a*X, TP, TO, LB para o sistema NA e COMP, a*X, um a*F, TP para o sistema OA. No sistema NA, os valores de estimativa de herdabilidade - ha² para os caracteres da planta variaram de 65,66 a 25,52% e, no sistema OA, o ha² da característica a*X foi de 81,13%. As estimativas de ganho genético por ciclo para os caracteres a*X e a*F foram menores no sistema NA do que as estimativas observadas no sistema OA.

Antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous seed extract of Daucus carota L. in triton ×100-induced hyperlipidemic mice

Daucus carota (carrot) seed is used medicinally in the treatment and management of diabetes mellitus, in whichoxidative stress and hyperlipidemia are associated complications. The study evaluated the antioxidant andantihyperlipidemic effects of aqueous seed extract of D. carota aqueous extract (AQEDCS) in triton ×100-inducedhyperlipidemic mice. The in vitro antioxidant activities of the extract (0.2–1.0 mg/ml) were evaluated using totalantioxidant capacity, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, and ferric ion scavenging. In vivo antioxidantand antihyperlipidemic properties of AQEDCS extract were evaluated using triton ×100-induced oxidative stressand hyperlipidemia in mice. AQEDCS contains alkaloids, tannins, phenols, and produced significant antioxidanteffects in vitro compared to Vitamin C. AQEDCS significantly (P < 0.05) decreased levels of plasma cholesterol,triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein, coronary artery, cardiac, and atherogenic indices and increased circulatinghigh-density lipoprotein levels when compared to untreated hyperlipidemic mice. AQEDCS significantly (P < 0.05)decreased the level of malondialdehyde compared to untreated hyperlipidemic mice. AQEDCS and simvastatindecreased (P < 0.05) reduced glutathione concentration in plasma, with no difference (P > 0.05) in the liver of micecompared to untreated hyperlipidemic mice. Similarly, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in plasmanitrite levels, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione S-transferase except in AQEDCS mice that received 100 mg/kgbody weight dose of AQEDCS extract when compared with non-induced control. The results indicated that AQEDCSpossesses antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic effects, and could complement antioxidant defense system in vivoduring oxidative stress as well as prevent further complications that could arise from hyperlipidemia during its usagefor diabetes mellitus treatments.

Meloidogyne javanica parasitism on the vegetative growth and nutritional quality of carrots / Parasitismo de Meloidogyne javanica no crescimento vegetativo e na qualidade nutricional de cenouras

ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne javanica is a plant-parasitic nematode that infects a wide range of vegetables. Its negative effects on crop yield and value are well documented. However, few studies have investigated the impact of the parasite on the nutritional value of vegetables. This study aimed to assess the effect of M. javanica parasitism on the vegetative characteristics, nematological parameters, chemistry composition and antioxidant activity of carrots. Seedlings were inoculated with 0 (control), 1000, 2500, or 5000 eggs and eventual second-stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, plants were harvested and evaluated. Plants inoculated with 2500 eggs and J2 of M. javanica had higher root and tuber fresh weight than the control. Gall number increased with increasing inoculum density. The number of nematodes in the roots increased until 3000 specimens, decreasing thereafter. Proximate analysis revealed that plants inoculated with 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica or more had higher protein content in roots. In contrast, inoculation with 1775 nematodes or more resulted in a decrease in carotenoid content. There was no effect of inoculation on total phenolic content or antioxidant activity. Although, M. javanica infection did not have a marked impact on the nutritional quality of carrots, gall formation resulted in deformed roots of low commercial value.

RESUMO: Meloidogyne javanica é um nematoide parasita de plantas que infecta uma grande variedade de vegetais. Seus efeitos negativos sobre o rendimento e o valor das culturas estão bem documentados. No entanto, poucos estudos investigaram o impacto do parasita no valor nutricional dos vegetais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do parasitismo por M. javanica sobre as características vegetativas, parâmetros nematológicos, composição química e atividade antioxidante de cenouras. As plântulas foram inoculadas com 0 (controle), 1000, 2500 ou 5000 ovos e eventuais juvenis (J2) de M. javanica no segundo estágio. Aos 60 dias após a inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas. As plantas inoculadas com 2500 ovos e J2 de M. javanica apresentaram maior peso fresco das raízes e tubérculos que o controle. O número de galhas aumentou com o aumento da densidade do inóculo. Verificou-se aumento do número de nematoides nas raízes até 3000 espécimes, diminuindo posteriormente. A análise imediata revelou que plantas inoculadas com 1000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica ou mais tinham maior teor de proteína nas raízes. Por outro lado, a inoculação com 1775 nematoides ou mais resultou em diminuição no conteúdo de carotenoides. Não houve efeito da inoculação no conteúdo fenólico total ou na atividade antioxidante. Embora a infecção por M. javanica não tenha impactado significativamente a qualidade nutricional das cenouras, a formação de galhas resultou em raízes deformadas e de baixo valor comercial.

Caracterização química de farinha de cenoura e cenoura in natura com casca / Chemical characterization of carrot flour in natura with nuts

A cenoura é uma hortaliça bastante utilizada pela indústria alimentícia. Possui carotenoide, o qual desempenha um importante papel como potente antioxidante. Afim de se evitar desperdício e garantir maior vida de prateleira, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quimicamente farinha de cenoura e cenoura in natura, ambas com casca. As cenouras foram trituradas e congeladas a -18 °C. Parte da amostra foi secada em câmara climática a 60 °C por 45h, em seguida, a cenoura in natura e a farinha de cenoura foram submetidas a análises químicas e físico-químicas. A análise do teor de água mostrou que a farinha de cenoura está de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela Legislação Brasileira. A cenoura após secagem, apresentou concentração quanto aos níveis de proteínas, fibras, carotenoides e polifenóis totais em relação a cenoura in natura.

Drought tolerance of four vegetable crops during germination and initial seedling growth / Tolerância de quatro espécies de hortaliças ao déficit hídrico durante a germinação e crescimento inicial das plântulas

Seeds of arugula (Eruca sativa Miller, cv. Cultivada), carrot (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes), eggplant (Solanum melongena L., cv. Embú) and watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Crimson Sweet] were submitted to different osmotic potentials induced by polyethylene glycol(PEG) with the objective of evaluate the effects of drought stress on seed germination and initial seedling growth. Seeds were distributed in plastic boxes containing blotter paper, soaked with PEG solutions prepared with osmotic potentials 0.0 (control), ­0.2, ­0.4, and ­0.8 MPa and kept into a seed germinator, at 25 °C for 14 days. A completely randomized design in a 4 × 4 factorial scheme with four replicates of 50 seeds each was used. The results showed that by increasing of the osmotic potential level, germinated seeds number, germination rate index, root and shoot length, shoot and root dry matter, and seedling vigor indices decreased, while mean germination time and root: shoot ratio increased in all four vegetable crops. Additionally, the carrot and watermelon are more susceptible than arugula and eggplant to drought stress, with germination response declining more rapidly with the rise of osmotic potential level. Arugula and eggplant crops tolerate water stress of up to ­0.2 MPa, without reducing germination of the seeds; however, the growth of shoots and roots are inhibited. The germination process of eggplant and watermelon seeds are completely inhibited at ­0.8 MPa osmotic potential, whereas germination of carrot seeds is completely inhibited at ­0.4 MPa osmotic potential. Severe drought stress limits the process of seed germination and initial seedling growth of vegetable crops.

Sementes de rúcula (Eruca sativa Miller, cv. Cultivada), cenoura (Daucus carota L., cv. Nantes), berinjela (Solanum melongena L., cv. Embú) e melancia [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai cv. Crimson Sweet] foram submetidas a diferentes potenciais osmóticos simulados com polietileno glicol (PEG 6000) com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do estresse hídrico na germinação e no crescimento inicial das plântulas. As sementes foram distribuídas em caixas plásticas tipo Gerbox® contendo papel mata-borrão, o qual foi umedecido com diferentes soluções de PEG preparadas com quatro níveis de potenciais osmótico [0 (controle); ­0,2; ­0,4; e ­0,8 MPa]. As caixas plásticas foram então mantidas em câmara de germinação à 25 °C por 14 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 4, com quatro repetições de 50 sementes cada. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do nível de potencial osmótico da solução reduziu a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o comprimentos da parte aérea e da raiz principal, a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes e os índices de vigor das plântulas, enquanto que o tempo médio de germinação e a relação entre a matéria seca da raiz/parte aérea aumentou em todas as quatro espécies de hortaliças. As culturas de cenoura e melancia são mais susceptível que a rúcula e a berinjela ao estresse hídrico, com resposta de germinação declinando mais rapidamente com o aumento do nível de potencial osmótico. A rúcula e a berinjela toleram estresse hídrico de até ­0,2 MPa, sem reduzir o processo de germinação das sementes; no entanto, o crescimento da parte aérea e das raízes são inibidos. O processo de germinação das sementes de berinjela e melancia são completamente inibidos em potencial osmótico de ­0.8 MPa, ao passo que a germinação das sementes de cenoura é completamente inibida em potencial osmótico de ­0.4 MPa. O estresse hídrico severo limita o processo de germinação das sementes e crescimento inicial de plântulas das quatro espécies de hortaliças.

Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Supercritical CO 2 Extract from Xinjiang Daucus carota Seed and Its Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities Study / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE： To study the chemical constituents of supercritical CO2 extract from Xinjiang Daucus carota seed（called “D. carota seed extract” for short）， and to preliminarily evaluate its antimicrobial and antioxident activity， so as to provide reference for the development and quality control of related products of the plant. METHODS： The non-polar volatile part of Xinjiang D. carota seed was extracted by supercritical CO2 extraction method. The chemical constituents of the extract were identified and quantified by GC-MS and standard spectral labrary. The relative percentage content of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. The antibacterial activity of D. carota seed extract against Staphylococcus aureus，Escherichia coli and Candida albicans were investigated by trace broth dilution method and AGAR medium plate method. Its antioxidant activity was investigated by TLC-bioautography method. RESULTS： Twenty chemical constituents were identified from D. carota seed extract （the total relative percentage content was 98.76％）， mainly including β-bisabolene， α-asarone， α-pinene， β-caryophyllene， aspidinol， etc. D. carota seed extract has certain antimicrobial activity on S. aureus， E. coli and C. albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.039， 0.833， 0.625 mg/mL， and minimum bactericidal concentrations were 0.078， 1.667， 1.250 mg/mL， respectively. The extract has a certain scavenging ability to DPPH radical. CONCLUSIONS： D. carota seed extract obtained by supercritical CO2 extraction contains monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes， and possesses certain antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Analgesic and Cytotoxic Activities of Daucus carota canopy L Ethanolic Extract

In researcher’s previous study it has been found that the 80% ethanolic extract of Daucus carota canopy L was the most active extract for antibacterial activity and its phytochemical screening led to the isolation and identification of 12 natural flavone compounds including the new C-glycoside; 6,8-Di-C-α-L-rhamnoside diosmetin besides 11 known compounds. The primary objective of the present work is to investigate the 80% EtOH extract of Daucus carota canopy L for its antioxidant, analgesic and cytotoxic activities and the new compound for its cytotoxic activity. The ethanolic extract (300 µL, 1 mg/ml) gave the highest effective antioxidant activity with inhibition % 82.09 ± 0.15 using radical scavenging method which is more than the standard BHA (68.2) and less than the standard TBHQ (98.2). The cytotoxic activity of ethanolic extract against MCF7 gave IC50 19.4 µg/ml, and the new compounds had IC50 is 8.05 µg/ml compare to Cisplatin which its IC50 is 5.48 µg/ml. Its anti-nociceptive properties show that the ethanolic extract (200 µL, 1 mg/ml) significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of writhes in acetic acid writhing test and increased the response time in hot plate method when comparing with the control group.

Agronomic performance of carrot fertilized with roostertree [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. BR.] in two growing seasons / Desempenho agronômico da cenoura adubada com flor-de-seda [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. BR.] em duas épocas de cultivo

Because vegetables have a fast production cycle, they require fertilization in quantities and at ideal times to obtain maximum productivity, and green manure is an alternative practice to the use of mineral fertilizers. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different amounts of roostertree [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.] biomass and its incorporation times in two growing seasons, in the agronomic performance of carrots. The experiment was conducted on an experimental farm at the Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE) in the autumn-winter period (March-July 2012) and the spring-summer period (September-December 2012). The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a factorial 4 x 4 design; the first factor consists of four amounts of roostertree biomass (5.4, 8.8, 12.2 and 15.6 t ha-1 on a dry basis), and the second factor consists of four times of incorporation of this manure into the soil (0, 10, 20 and 30 days before sowing the carrots). The carrot cultivar used was Brasília. The following traits were evaluated: plant height, number of leaves per plant, root dry mass, total and commercial yield of roots. The best agronomic performance of carrot cultivar Brasília was found with the amount of roostertree biomass of 15.6 t ha-1, in the time of incorporation into the soil of 10 days before seeding. The cultivation in the autumn-winter showed higher total and commercial productivities of carrot roots fertilized with roostertree.

As hortaliças, por possuírem ciclo rápido de produção, demandam adubações em quantidades e momentos ideais para a obtenção da máxima produtividade, sendo a adubação verde uma prática alternativa ao uso de fertilizantes minerais. O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de diferentes quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda [Calotropis procera (Ait.) R. Br.] e seus tempos de incorporação, em duas épocas de cultivo, no desempenho agronômico da cenoura. O experimento foi conduzido em campo experimental pertencente à Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), nos períodos outono-inverno (março a julho de 2012) e primavera-verão (setembro a dezembro de 2012). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, com o primeiro fator constituído por quatro quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda (5,4; 8,8; 12,2 e 15,6 t ha-1 em base seca), e o segundo fator, por quatro tempos de incorporação ao solo deste adubo (0, 10, 20 e 30 dias antes da semeadura da cenoura - DAS). A cultivar de cenoura utilizada foi a Brasília. Foram avaliados a altura de plantas, número de folhas por planta, massa seca de raízes, produtividades total e comercial de raízes. O melhor desempenho agronômico da cenoura cv. Brasília foi obtido com a quantidade de flor-deseda de 15,6 t ha-1, no tempo de incorporação ao solo de 10 dias antes da semeadura. O cultivo no outono-inverno promoveu maiores produtividades total e comercial às raízes de cenoura adubada com flor-de-seda.

Antimicrobial Activities of Daucus Carota Seeds on Selected Pathogenic Micro-organisms

Background: The antibacterial/antifungal toxicity of Daucus carota (carrot) seeds was evaluated using selected multi-drug resistant bacteria and yeast of clinical origin. Methods: The active constituents of the Daucus carota seeds were extracted using conventional Plant Tissue Homogenization method using cold distilled water, Ethanol and Methanol as solvents. Varying concentrations (5-250 mg/ml) of the three extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activity against the selected isolates- Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebseilla pneumoniae and Candida albicans; the agar well diffusion method was used. The antibiogram profile of the organisms was also obtained through disc diffusion method. Results: Similar activity was observed in the methanolic and ethanolic extracts while cold distilled water showed no activity on any of the isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility results showed that the isolates used are highly multi-drug resistant. Ofloxacin exhibited the most pronounced activity against all the isolates. Gentamicin and erythromycin both showed activity on Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Lower concentrations of both extracts presented no inhibitory effects on the test organisms, thus resulting in high MIC values recorded for both extracts. Also, the extracts showed no bactericidal action against the isolates.  Conclusions: Observations from this research therefore affirm that Daucus carota seeds possess antimicrobial properties that may be explored as a source of future antimicrobial compounds.

Quality Characteristics of Care Food (Jelly) Prepared with Wild Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Juice

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of jelly prepared with different levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) of wild carrot (WC, Daucus carota L.) juice as a care food for the elderly. The lightness, redness, yellowness, and delta (Δ) values of the jelly (Control, WCJ5, WCJ10, WCJ15, WCJ20, and WCJ25) decreased with increasing amounts of wild carrot juice added. The mechanical properties, such as hardness, springiness, chewiness, and gumminess, of the jelly were decreased with increasing amounts of wild carrot juice added. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of the jelly increased with increasing amounts of wild carrot juice added. The DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50) also increased with increasing amounts of wild carrot juice added. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effects of wild carrot (WC) and WCJ25 were 71% and 54.4%, respectively, compared to the positive control (acarbose). The lipase inhibitory effects of WC and WCJ25 were 44.2% and 14.4%, respectively, compared to the positive control group (orlistat). On the other hand, the sensory evaluation score was the best at WCJ20, which contained 20% wild carrot juice. In conclusion, WCJ20 or WCJ25 is expected to be a care food for the elderly with respect to texture as well as the antioxidant and enzymatic activity (α-glucosidase inhibitory and lipase inhibitory activities).

Guaiane-type sesquiterpenes from the fruits of Fructus carotae / 药学学报

To study the chemical constituents of the fruits of Fructus carotae, silica gel column chromatog­raphy and preparative HPLC were used to isolate and purify the extract of Fructus carotae. The structures of obtained compounds were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical property and spectral data. Nine guaiane-type sesquiterpenes were isolated and identified as 8β-angeloyloxy-11-hydroxy-4-guaien-3-one(1), 11-acetoxy-4-guaien-3-one(2), 11-acetoxy-8β-isobutyryl-4-guaien-3-one(3), 11-acetoxy-8β-propionyl-4-guaien-3-one(4), 11-hydroxy-4-guaien-3-one(5), 11-acetoxy-8β-angeloyloxy-1β-hydroxy-4-guaien-3-one(6), 11-acetoxy-8β-angeloyloxy-4-guaien-3-one(7), 11-acetoxy-8β-hydroxy-4-guaien-3-one(8)and 8β,11-dihydroxy-4-guaien-3-one(9). Compound 1 is a new compound, compound 5 is a new natural product, and compounds 2-4 were isolated from this genus for the first time.

Yield, water use efficiency, and yield response factor in carrot crop under different irrigation depths / Produtividade, eficiência no uso da água e fator de resposta em produção de cenoura sob diferentes lâminas de irrigação

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and yield response factor (Ky) of carrot (cv. 'Brasília') in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Baixada Fluminense, RJ, Brazil. Field trials were conducted in a Red-Yellow Argisol in the 2010-2011period. A randomized block design was used, with 5 treatments (depths) and 4 replicates. Depths were applied by drippers with different flow rates, and the irrigation was managed by time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique. The reference (ETo) and crop (ETc) evapotranspiration depths reached 286.3 and 264.1mm in 2010, and 336.0 and 329.9mm in 2011, respectively. The root yield varied from 30.4 to 68.9t ha-1 as a response to treatments without irrigation and 100% replacement of the soil water depth, respectively. Values for WUE in the carrot crop varied from 15 to 31kg m-3 and the mean Ky value was 0.82. The mean values for Kc were obtained in the initial (0.76), intermediate (1.02), and final (0.96) stages. Carrot crop was influenced by different water depths (treatments) applied, and the highest value for WUE was obtained for 63.4% of soil water replacement.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes lâminas de irrigação na produtividade, na eficiência de uso da água (EUA) e no coeficiente de resposta de produção (Ky) da cenoura (cv. 'Brasília') ao déficit hídrico do solo, nas condições edafoclimáticas da Baixada Fluminense-RJ. Ensaios de campo foram conduzidos em 2010 e 2011, em um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, usando um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 5 tratamentos (lâminas) e 4 repetições. As lâminas foram aplicadas por gotejadores com diferentes vazões e o manejo da irrigação foi realizado com a técnica da TDR. As lâminas de evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) e da cultura (ETc) totalizaram 286,3 e 264,1mm, em 2010, e 336,0 e 329,9mm, em 2011, respectivamente. A produtividade de raízes variou de 30,4 a 68,9t ha-1 como resposta aos tratamentos sem irrigação e com 100% de reposição da lâmina de água no solo, respectivamente. Os valores de EUA no cultivo da cenoura variaram de 15 a 31kg m-3 e o Ky médio foi de 0,82. Foram obtidos os valores médios de Kc nas fases inicial (0,76), intermediária (1,02) e final (0,96). A cultura da cenoura foi influenciada pelas diferentes lâminas aplicadas (tratamentos) e a maior EUA foi obtida para o tratamento com reposição de 63,4% da água do solo.

Efecto gastroprotector del jugo de zanahoria (Daucus carota), col (Brassica oleracea ) y papa (Solanum tuberosum) / Effects of carrot (Daucus carota), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) juices as gastric mucosal protections

INTRODUCCIÓN: a muchos vegetales se les reconocen acciones beneficiosas sobre el aparato digestivo. A la zanahoria (Daucus carota), la col (Brassica oleracea) y la papa (Solanum tuberosum) la población les atribuye acciones gastroprotectoras. Objetivo: Comprobar experimentalmente la acción gastroprotectora de los jugos de zanahoria, col y papa. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron ratas Sprague-Dawley machos de 190 ± 10 g como modelo biológico; las úlceras gástricas se produjeron con 1 mL de etanol absoluto por cada animal. Los 40 animales fueron distribuidos en cinco grupos de ocho. El grupo 1 fue el control, el 2, el control positivo (atropina 20 mg/Kg), el 3 fue tratado con el jugo de col, el 4 con el de zanahoria y el 5 con el de papa. Media hora antes de la inducción de la úlcera, se administraron los jugos a una dosis de 400 mg/Kg sobre la base de los sólidos totales. Los animales se sacrificaron una hora después de la inducción de las úlceras, las cuales fueron cuantificadas, y se midió el área dañada. RESULTADOS: con todos los jugos empleados, se observó una disminución significativa del área afectada cuando se comparó con el control; sin embargo, solo en el grupo al que se administró el jugo de col, la disminución no presentó significación estadística con relación al grupo control positivo, por lo que el efecto gastroprotector fue similar a él. CONCLUSIONES: los jugos de zanahoria y papa presentaron un moderado efecto gastroprotector, el cual resultó alto en el grupo tratado con jugo de col.

INTRODUCTION: many vegetables are known for their beneficial effects on digestive system. Population attributed the benefits of carrot (Daucus carota), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) as gastric mucosal protections. OBJECTIVE: to prove experimentally the action of carrot (Daucus carota), cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) juices as gastric mucosal protections. METHODS: sprague-Dawley male rats of 190 ± 10 g were used as biological models; ulcers were induced with 1 mL of absolute ethanol for each animal. Forty animals were distributed in five groups of eight. Group 1 was selected as control group, 2 as positive control (atropine 20 mg/Kg), 3 was treated with cabbage juice, 4 with carrot juice and 5 with potato juice. A half hour before the ulcer induction, all juices were administrated at a dose of 400 mg/Kg on the basis of total solids. Animals were sacrificed an hour after the ulcer inductions, ulcers were quantified, as well as, the damage area was measured. Results: a significant decrease of the affected area after using the juices was observed comparing to the control group; however, group which was given cabbage juice, did not show a significant statistical decrease in relation to the positive control group, that is why the effect as gastric mucosal protection was similar to it. CONCLUSIONS: carrot and potato juices had a moderated effect as gastric mucosal protections; on the other hand, group treated with cabbage did show a high effect on the digestive system.

Crescimento da cultura da cenoura após aplicações de resíduos de curtume e carboniferos no solo / Growth of carrot crop after application of tannery waste and coal mining in soil

Com a industrialização, a produção de resíduos tem aumentado durante os anos. Além disso, a disposição destes resíduos é uma posição discutida entre os órgãos ambientais. Em virtude disto, o objetivo foi estudar o efeito residual de adições sucessivas de resíduos de curtume e carboníferos sobre as propriedades químicas do solo e o acumulo de metais pesados nas plantas de cenoura. Os tratamentos aplicados a campo foram T1 = Controle, somente solo; T2 = Adubação com NPK + calcário para atingir pH 6,0; T3 = Lodo de curtume em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0 + PK; T4 = Duas vezes a quantidade de lodo de curtume utilizada no tratamento 3 + PK; T5 = Resíduo carbonífero + NPK + calcário em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0; T6 = Resíduo carbonífero + lodo de curtume em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0 + PK; T7 = Serragem cromada + NPK + calcário em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0; T8 = Cr mineral + lodo de curtume em quantidade adequada para atingir pH 6,0 + PK. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições por tratamento. A adição de cromo, tanto via mineral, quanto via resíduos não afetaram o crescimento da cenoura. Além disso, os teores encontrados na parte aérea, radicular, e córtex da raiz são considerados baixos, demonstrando um baixo potencial de contaminação destes resíduos.

With the industrialization, waste production has been increased over the years. Moreover, the disposition of these wastes is a position discussed among environmental agencies. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the residual effect of successive additions of tannery waste and coal on the chemical properties of the soil and the accumulation of heavy metals in carrot plants. The treatments were applied to field: T1 = Control, only solo; T2 = fertilization with NPK + lime to reach pH 6.0; T3 = tannery sludge in adequate quantity to achieve pH 6.0 + PK; T4 = Twice the amount tannery sludge used in treatment 3 + PK; T5 = waste coal + NPK + lime in adequate quantity to achieve pH 6.0; T6 = waste coal + tannery sludge in adequate quantity to achieve pH 6.0 + PK; T7 = Sawdust = chrome + NPK + lime in adequate quantity to reach pH 6.0; T8 = Cr + mineral tannery sludge in adequate quantity to achieve pH 6.0 + PK. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. The results demonstrate that carrot plants grew normally in the treatments with high chromium concentrations, either addition with residues or mineral. Furthermore, the levels found in the shoots, roots and roots cortex were low, indicating a low potential of these waste contamination.

Effect of Carrot Intake in the Prevention of Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

PURPOSE: Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with the incidence and mortality being higher in men than in women. Various studies have shown that eating carrots may play a major role in the prevention of gastric cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the relationship between carrot consumption and gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Persian databases like Scientific Information Database (SID) and IranMedx. The following search terms were used: stomach or gastric, neoplasm or cancer, carcinoma or tumor, and carrot. Statistical analyses were performed using Comprehensive Meta Analysis/2.0 software. RESULTS: We retrieved 81 articles by searching the databases. After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 5 articles were included in this study. The odds ratio (OR) obtained by fixed effects model showed that a 26% reduction in the risk of gastric cancer has been associated with the consumption of carrots) OR=0.74; 95% confidence interval=0.68~0.81; P<0.0001). According to funnel graph, the results showed that the possibility of a publication bias does not exist in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study showed an inverse relationship between the consumption of carrots and the risk of gastric cancer.